Unique Compact Venture Quantity at Signing: $332.5 million
Whole Disbursed: $228.0 million
Venture Abstract
Indonesia’s constraints evaluation recognized a scarcity of infrastructure as its main improvement constraint, noting that:
“Deficiencies in…electrical energy provides are a selected concern. The electrical energy sector is characterised by a low electrification charge, low consumption, and excessive inefficiency in transmission and distribution. Furthermore, funding in technology, transmission, and distribution has not been in a position to sustain with rising demand, leading to energy shortfalls.”[[Asian Development Bank (2010), Country Diagnostic Studies, Indonesia: Critical Development Constraints.]]
The evaluation additionally discovered that “the present sample of progress is placing growing strain on the setting and pure assets, posing important dangers to each financial progress and poverty discount in the long term.” The constraints evaluation recognized a few of the limitations to funding in these areas, together with inefficiencies in spatial planning and weak human and institutional capability. Moreover, the consultative course of recognized a eager curiosity from the personal sector and civil society to interact in and assist a challenge that appreciated the challenges and alternatives for inexperienced progress in focused areas of Indonesia, together with renewable power.
Thus, the goals of the Inexperienced Prosperity Venture have been to 1) enhance productiveness and cut back reliance on fossil fuels by increasing renewable power; and a couple of) enhance productiveness and cut back land-based greenhouse fuel (GHG) emissions by bettering land use practices and administration of pure assets. These goals supported low carbon financial improvement and the safety of pure capital to extend family incomes in challenge areas, addressing crucial challenges to financial progress whereas supporting the GOI’s dedication to a extra sustainable, much less carbon-intensive future.
The GP Venture was comprised of 4 discrete actions:
Exercise | Revised Compact Allocation | Closing Disbursements | ||
1 | Participatory Land Use Planning | Administrative boundary setting; updating and integration of land use inventories; enhancing spatial plans on the village, district, and provincial ranges; peatland mapping | $43.1 million | $38 million |
2 | Technical Help and Oversight | Technical help to challenge sponsors and group teams; program administration assist wanted to implement the GPF; GHG emission discount estimations | $62 million | $57 million |
3 | Inexperienced Prosperity Facility (GPF) | Grant financing for renewable power, peatland restoration, sustainable agriculture, and pure useful resource administration initiatives | $192.6 million | $123 million |
4 | Inexperienced Data | Grants for technical help to construct native, provincial, and nationwide capability to advance Indonesia’s low carbon improvement technique | $15 million | $10 million |
TOTAL | $312.7 million | $228 million |
Participatory Land Use Planning (PLUP) Exercise
Understanding the place land boundaries are and what land use is going down inside these boundaries may also help communities to plan and make knowledgeable selections about managing pure assets. As such, the GP Venture aimed to strengthen the spatial planning and transparency of land use selections made in collaborating villages, districts, and provinces via the PLUP Exercise. With higher spatial certainty, communities finishing the PLUP Exercise have been anticipated to learn from improved tenure safety and associated will increase in skill and willingness to guard and spend money on their land and pure assets. The PLUP Exercise inverted the normal Jakarta-led method to mapping by actively involving the group, in direct collaboration with the native authorities, within the assortment of geospatial knowledge on land and pure and cultural assets.
The PLUP Exercise developed and carried out a novel method for figuring out and setting administrative village boundaries by combining authorities rules with group participation, worldwide finest practices, and use of geospatial applied sciences, together with international positioning techniques, geographic data techniques, and unmanned aerial autos with the goal of manufacturing boundaries that may each earn social legitimacy and acceptance and preserve authorities authority. This modern method for village boundary setting was documented via a ‘Village Boundary Setting/Useful resource Mapping Tips’ and extensively disseminated to nationwide, district, and village governments in addition to worldwide donors just like the World Financial institution and Asian Growth Financial institution to foster and information additional use of the method all through Indonesia.[[http://www.mca-indonesia.go.id/assets/uploads/pubs/PanduanTeknis%20PPB%20Des%20MCA-Indonesia%20Final.pdf . Viewed October 24, 2018.]] As a direct results of the PLUP Exercise, two district governments, Pesisir Selatan in West Sumatra and Lombok Tengah in West Nusa Tenggara, organized an effort to self-fund participatory village boundary setting utilizing a mixture of district and village budgets in late 2018 after the compact concluded. Custom-made variations of the MCC-funded PLUP Exercise have been carried out in all of the districts the place GP grants have been made.
The PLUP Exercise skilled 1,535 village representatives in varied facets of village boundary setting and mapping of group assets. Moreover, the PLUP Exercise skilled 2,891 authorities technicians within the integration, administration, and change of geospatial knowledge for land use planning, allowing, and licensing. It offered 18 districts, 27 sub-districts, and 363 villages with improved spatial certainty by piloting a local-level-up-to-national-level method to participatory village boundary setting and useful resource mapping. Definitive boundaries of 256 villages have been formally accepted and registered within the official Ministry of Residence Affairs village registry. This work and the related studying in the end fed again into the refinement of the GOI’s One Map Coverage, which makes land and pure useful resource data extensively obtainable throughout nationwide authorities companies and to most people. The Exercise collected 16 terabytes of geospatial knowledge throughout Indonesia, making it obtainable to the general public via internet-based geo-portals. Of explicit observe is the contribution of PLUP Exercise studying within the utility of Free Prior and Knowledgeable Consent as a key step within the Village Boundary Setting/Useful resource Mapping course of and within the participation of customary communities within the assortment of geospatial knowledge. MCA-Indonesia offered this expertise on the AMAN (Affiliation of Indonesian Customary Communities) nationwide workshop in March 2018 and delivered all of the related geospatial knowledge to the Indonesian Ancestral Area Registration Company. The PLUP Exercise additionally put in an built-in system for managing land use and pure useful resource licensing and allowing knowledge in 40 districts and 11 provincial land use planning workplaces.
Inexperienced Prosperity Facility (GPF) Exercise
In gentle of the interdependent, multi-sectoral constraints recognized throughout compact improvement, nearly all of the GP Venture’s funding occurred via an adaptable and market-responsive grant facility, the Inexperienced Prosperity Facility, which offered grant financing to mobilize higher personal sector funding and group participation in renewable power and sustainable land use practices. Venture- and compact-level goals required GPF investments to extend financial productiveness, enhance livelihoods, and credibly exhibit a web discount in GHG emissions. The GPF Exercise carried out a number of, sequenced solicitations designed to determine initiatives that have been ripe for implementation or scaling-up in an evolving and dynamic market.[[For further detail on the evolution of the GPF Activity, please see the Green Prosperity Facility Evaluation referenced and linked below in this report.]]
The Exercise additionally aimed to leverage personal sector funds to maximise the influence of compact funding and assist tackle sustainability points as early because the challenge design part. Flexibility in timing and targets of solicitations allowed the challenge to deal with rising priorities in areas similar to peatland restoration and assist impartial smallholder producers as a key element of averted deforestation, and to develop geographic scope to encourage a bigger quanity and higher high quality of challenge proposals. GPF actions and investments have been grouped into two essential portfolios: renewable power (on- and off-grid) and pure useful resource administration (sustainable agriculture, peatland restoration, and improved land use planning and pure useful resource administration).
The GPF Exercise solicited grant proposals via 5 consumption home windows: two rounds of partnership grants, industrial on-grid renewable power, group off-grid renewable power, and community-based pure useful resource administration. From April 2014 to February 2016, GPF grantees have been chosen from a pool of greater than 600 proposals utilizing a demand-driven, aggressive, and clear course of, incorporating worldwide finest practices for social, environmental, and challenge design. A complete of 66 full challenge grants have been awarded and accomplished.
Three of the 5 consumption home windows (the 2 rounds of partnership grants and on-grid renewable power) included analysis standards and necessities associated to challenge sponsor co-financing contributions, with the target of catalyzing personal sector funding by offering viability hole funding, de-risking and supporting challenge preparation prices, and supporting speedy scale-up of viable fashions. The group off-grid renewable power window required group contributions, and the community-based pure useful resource administration window made small grants with out counterpart contribution necessities. By compact finish, the GPF funds have been mixed with roughly $28 million in personal sector co-financing and outdoors assets, with nearly 90 p.c of that coming from the partnership grants and industrial renewable power consumption home windows. The GPF additionally offered $10.8 million in technical help grants to challenge sponsors to finance challenge preparation and pre-construction actions for 47 separate challenge proposals, largely associated to on- and off-grid renewable power. Fifteen grants have been terminated halfway (throughout challenge preparation part) as MCA-Indonesia decided that the challenge itself wouldn’t be accomplished throughout compact implementation. So as to comply with up on initiatives that didn’t transfer ahead as a result of compact timeline limitations, throughout the previous couple of months previous to compact finish, a matchmaking activity was undertaken by MCA-Indonesia with the target of discovering traders.[[The matchmaking process has been somewhat successful. Several letters of agreement were signed and other “process” milestones reached. But, the GOI unit tasked with monitoring these outcomes has not yet delivered any satisfactory reporting covering this information.]]
The unique plan was for the GPF to award and administer grant funding over a 4 yr interval with three to 3 and a half years preserved for challenge implementation. The precise timeline for grantees, nonetheless, gave the bulk a lot much less time than three years to ship initiatives, with some having to finish actions in solely 18 months. The shortened GPF timeframe resulted from a collection of challenges early in implementation, most notably a pivot by the GOI. On the time of compact signing, the Nationwide Growth Planning Company (Bappenas) meant that the GPF would be capable of make loans in addition to grants, a request that was in the end denied by the Ministry of Finance. Regardless of MCC’s standard follow, this compact was not ratified by the Indonesia legislature and didn’t have the standing of Indonesian regulation.[[MCC’s standard practice is to have compacts ratified or approved by the partner country’s legislature.]] This meant the compact settlement couldn’t prevail over the Indonesian rules that prevented MCA-Indonesia from issuing loans. This alteration, together with preliminary poor challenge administration and gradual implementation of the distinctive funding construction, meant that the GP Venture stalled throughout its crucial launch part. Regardless of having particularly recognized this concern as a danger in its personal funding paperwork, MCC was not in a position to speed up implementation inside MCA-Indonesia till a major reset in administration constructions and assets by each MCC and MCA-Indonesia in late 2014—greater than a yr and a half after the compact entered into pressure. This was the most important grant-making facility for MCC up to now, bringing expertise and studying that ought to inform decision-making at MCC for years to return.[[See the MCC Learning section for details about what lessons MCC took from implementing the GPF and how the agency is actively applying them to current and future facilities.]]
Renewable Power Portfolio
When the compact entered into pressure in 2013, there have been about 48.5 million individuals (20 p.c of Indonesia’s inhabitants) with out entry to electrical energy. A lot of them reside in households in difficult-to-access distant areas or on small islands. They sometimes use kerosene for lighting, biomass for cooking, and small diesel turbines for a few hours within the night. These types of power are usually not solely costly, they emit unhealthy and environmentally harmful fumes and GHGs. The Nationwide Power Coverage adopted by the GOI in 2014 set bold objectives to attain a one hundred pc electrification charge by 2020; a 23 p.c share of renewable power energy technology by 2025; and a 29 p.c discount in GHG emissions by 2030. MCC’s investments in renewable power initiatives supported these goals by funding partnerships between personal builders and native communities to construct and function new technology vegetation and mini-grids utilizing renewable power assets with no or little GHG emissions. These new power sources would offer 24-hour electrical energy service to the nation’s most underprivileged populations.
GPF offered roughly $62 million in grant funding for 28 renewable power initiatives (photo voltaic, hydro, and bioenergy). These initiatives created 12.73 MW in new technology capability via 4 on-grid initiatives producing 8 MW and 24 off-grid initiatives producing 4.73 MW—the most important MCC-completed funding in renewable power technology and in off-grid power manufacturing and distribution (or mini-grids). By way of these initiatives, 9,095 electrical energy connections have been made, together with 2,622 households who have been supplied with a lighting or cooking supply fueled by renewable power via GPF-funded initiatives. Virtually $11 million was leveraged from personal sector companions and builders in these renewable power initiatives by the top of the compact, with one other $2.3 million in commitments to comply with after compact closure to finish the off-grid group operations parts.
The shortened timeline restricted the GPF’s skill to fund micro-hydro initiatives, which represented the majority of the incoming proposals within the industrial, on-grid renewable power class, utilizing a expertise that tends to have a decrease value than different renewables. Nonetheless, along with new technology capability and connections, notable accomplishments of the Renewable Power Portfolio embody:
- Piloting new fashions in group possession and administration by establishing authorized entities in distant rural places with the bulk share of possession of the ability utility going to the group with the goal of enhancing sustainability.
- Investing, on a cost-share foundation, in three palm oil mills to put in methane seize techniques from palm oil mill effluent (POME) for electrical energy technology, demonstrating the restoration and use of biogas from POME as one potential technique for the GOI to satisfy each their renewable power targets and GHG emission discount obligations.
Pure Useful resource Administration Portfolio
As Indonesia’s post-independence financial progress has been largely predicated on the capitalization of the nation’s wealthy and diverse pure useful resource base, sustainable administration of those assets has emerged as the very best of priorities for GOI. One third of Indonesia’s labor pressure is engaged in agriculture and impartial smallholders produce about 40 p.c of the nation’s palm oil and almost the entire nation’s cocoa, espresso, and rubber, Indonesia’s most necessary export commodities. Thus, assist for Indonesia’s 11 million impartial smallholder farmers and promotion of sustainable agriculture practices that each enhance incomes and cut back strain on crucial pure assets is a spotlight of the GOI.[[FAO’s Data Portrait of Smallholders. http://www.fao.org/family-farming/data-sources/dataportrait/farm-size/en/]] Low productiveness leads impartial smallholders to seek for new lands, largely forests, to clear and burn, releasing important quantities of GHGs.
The GPF offered nearly $62 million in grant funding for 60 pure useful resource administration initiatives that leveraged an extra $15.4 million in personal sector assets and co-financing focused at sustainable agriculture, peatland restoration, improved land use planning, and pure useful resource administration. Virtually 40 p.c of the overall GPF investments within the pure useful resource administration portfolio supported sustainable cocoa and palm oil partnerships to scale up and pilot new approaches with one other $9 million in commitments by December 2018. This extra funding represented the remaining co-financing by the cocoa and palm consortia to proceed funding challenge actions after MCC’s funding closed. As well as, important assets have been offered to native NGOs to assist GOI and group priorities in peatland restoration, sustainable palm oil manufacturing, and community-based pure assets administration, together with small-scale sustainable agriculture interventions in rubber, espresso, patchouli, and rice.
Sustainable Cocoa: Scaling up with personal sector co-financing
Cocoa is among the most necessary commodities produced in Indonesia, with round 1 million impartial smallholder farmer households depending on the crop for his or her livelihoods. To handle the problem of falling productiveness and financial returns within the cocoa sector, GPF prioritized catalytic personal sector funding that promoted sustainable and fewer carbon-intensive financial progress amongst impartial smallholder cocoa farmers. The grants scaled-up ongoing, industry-supported technical help and coaching actions in improved and sustainable manufacturing and land use practices and elevated provide of high quality agriculture inputs. Due to altering market dynamics, together with the elevated significance of farmer certification and provide chain traceability, this system included impartial smallholder farmer coaching and assist for sustainable farmer certification with the anticipated outcomes of elevated farmer productiveness and premiums paid to farmers in addition to improved cocoa bean high quality. As well as, MCC-supported cocoa investments supported actions aimed toward growing indepdendent smallholders’ entry to finance and markets.
Eleven multinational and Indonesian cocoa {industry} firms participated in and contributed to those partnerships, together with three U.S. multi-nationals. Regardless of usually being rivals, these firms labored collectively to attain widespread goals that benefitted each particular person firm provide chains and impartial smallholder cocoa producers. The personal sector is making use of the expertise and classes realized from cocoa to enhance sustainability in different provide chains, similar to palm oil.[[This refers to the CocoaTrace technology / app which is now being used for Palm Oil as well. Learn more here: https://koltiva.com/#aboutus]]
GPF and its companions invested $26.6 million within the 4 initiatives within the sustainable cocoa portfolio—$16.0 million from GPF and $10.6 million from personal sector companions—with an extra $5.2 million co-financing dedication to be disbursed by December 2018.[[MCC is waiting for information from the Government of Indonesia to verify this statement.]] Investments reached roughly 74,000 cocoa-growing households and almost 62,000 hectares throughout 24 districts within the six essential cocoa producing provinces of Indonesia, considerably scaling up industry-led actions and reaching almost 10 p.c of all Indonesian cocoa farmers.[[FAO, “Small Family Farms Country Factsheet – Indonesia,” http://www.fao.org/3/i8881en/I8881EN.pdf.]] As a part of climate-smart and environmentally sound manufacturing practices, over 5.7 million shade bushes have been planted, leading to an anticipated GHG emissions discount of over 460,000 tons of CO2-equivalent/yr.[[It is important to note that because the GP Project funded 66 grants under the GPF Activity, it was not possible to verify the data above in the same way that MCC normally does for a project. The data above were reported by grantees/implementers, which is standard; but the standard of evidence for accepting their reports was lower than for normal MCC projects because it was not possible to closely monitor activities of each grantee.]] Utilizing co-financing commitments made after the top of the compact, challenge implementers are anticipated to achieve a complete of 90,000 cocoa farmers and 80,000 hectares by December 2018.[[MCC is waiting for information from the Government of Indonesia to verify this statement.]]
Sustainable Palm Oil: Constructing on the Cocoa Expertise
The palm oil {industry} is the most important driver of Indonesia’s agricultural economic system. In 2016 the nation led the world in palm oil exports, accounting for 52 p.c of all palm oil exports and contributing $14.4 billion to the nation’s economic system. Virtually a million impartial smallholder palm oil farmers account for about 35 p.c of the nation’s palm oil manufacturing. GPF supported a portfolio of six initiatives that labored with seven Indonesian palm oil mills and their impartial smallholder provide bases to catalyze and scale-up personal sector efforts to advertise sustainable palm oil manufacturing. Over $10 million in investments—nearly $6.5 million from GPF and an extra $3.6 million from personal sector companions—straight supported technical help and coaching actions for almost 12,000 impartial smallholder farmers. These investments supported their efforts to attain certification and continued market entry, and resulted on the earth’s first 5 impartial smallholder cooperatives to achieve Worldwide Sustainability and Carbon Certification. As well as, GPF investments included $4.2 million in expertise and techniques in three of those mills to put in methane seize techniques to make use of POME for electrical energy technology.[[POME investments also covered under the renewable energy portfolio section.]]
Peatland Portfolio: Paving the Approach for Improved Peatland Administration
Within the interval 2000 to 2010, over 2 million hectares of peatland forest in Indonesia (20 p.c of the bottom) have been deforested and/or drained (sometimes called “degraded”). This sample of peatland loss continues as we speak, and plenty of of Indonesia’s most important peatlands at the moment are severely degraded. This technique of degradation often begins with the extraction of marketable timber. The deforested space is then drained to make the land appropriate for establishing palm oil or pulpwood plantations. Drained peatlands dry out and subside and are subsequently affected by fires within the dry season and floods in within the moist season. In 2015, wildfires triggered greater than 2.6 million hectares of peatland to burn, leading to greater than IDR 221 trillion (1.9 p.c of GDP) in injury and releasing great quantities of GHG, an estimated 14-16 million tons of CO2-equivalent – greater than the every day emissions from your complete US economic system – every day at their peak.
These catastrophic fires offered a dramatic illustration of the significance of sustainable peatland administration. In response, the President of Indonesia issued a Presidential Regulation to determine a Peatland Restoration Company (Badan Restorasi Gambut, BRG). The GP Venture supported this new GOI precedence by funding a $12.4 million portfolio of peatland associated initiatives—two partnership grants, two assist contracts, and one smaller community-based grant. This portfolio targeted on rehabilitating drained and fire-prone peatlands, supporting different livelihoods for communities close to peatlands, and constructing capability for sustainable peatland administration inside native and nationwide authorities entities. By way of the GPF investments, 253,559 hectares of peatland have been mapped and 232 dam constructions have been designed, constructed, and positioned in canals to re-wet drained peatland. This doubled the variety of dam constructions constructed by the GOI and demonstrated the proof of idea that giant scale canal blocking (and re-wetting) via group consent is feasible. The funding additionally aimed to elevated GOI capability to handle peatland for years to return.
On the finish of the compact, preliminary modeling estimated potential GHG emissions reductions for the 66 initiatives GPF supported at roughly 1 million tons of CO2-equivalent per yr, or the equal of two.3 million barrels of oil consumed per yr or 1.1 billion kilos of coal burned per yr. Of these estimated reductions, 94 p.c are attributed to pure useful resource administration initiatives, together with sustainable agriculture.
Inexperienced Data Exercise
The Inexperienced Data Exercise was designed to award grants targeted on workforce improvement, talent acquisition, capability constructing, and data dissemination associated to a number of areas of the GP Venture. In early 2014, MCA-Indonesia competitively chosen and awarded seven grants. Six grants have been accomplished and supported initiatives that facilitated the gathering, utility, and dissemination of data to construct native, provincial, and nationwide capability to advance Indonesia’s low carbon improvement technique.[[Brief summaries of the grants can be found at: http://www.mca-indonesia.go.id/en/project/green-prosperity/grant/green-knowledge-grant. Viewed October 24, 2018.]] MCA-Indonesia labored with a number of grantees to design a Inexperienced Data administration data system to showcase for the general public Inexperienced Prosperity Venture outcomes and make obtainable data merchandise similar to coaching and certification manuals and modules, databases, technical designs, maps and feasibility research, and portfolio-level classes realized.[[The Green Knowledge Management Information System can be accessed at: https://forum-greenknowledge.ipb.ac.id/. Viewed October 24, 2018.]]
Technical Help and Oversight Exercise
Initially conceived to assist challenge sponsors develop marketable initiatives that could possibly be funded by the GPF, the Technical Help and Oversight Exercise allotted funds to rent a program administration advisor and a separate grant administration workforce that offered technical assets for the solicitation to assist MCA-Indonesia, evaluation, due diligence, and choice course of for the 5 home windows of the GPF. The method in its entirety took 12-18 months, relying on the solicitation, and required important assets not anticipated within the unique design and budgeting. This resulted in roughly $40 million of this finances merchandise going for consultants to assist MCA-Indonesia because the GPF Facility Supervisor.[[For further explanation on the administrative costs associated with the GPF Activity, please see the Green Prosperity Facility Evaluation referenced and linked below in this report.]]
Gender and Social Inclusion, Ladies’s Financial Empowerment, and Environmental and Social Efficiency within the GP Venture:
Every GP grantee was required to conduct a Panorama-Lifescape Evaluation (LLA), a participatory methodology developed by MCC that integrates environmental, social, and gender instruments to know the three-way interplay between the native setting, communities, and proposed challenge. Since challenge efficiency trusted sustainable use of pure assets and addressing present native components similar to inequality, jealousy, and potential tensions between communities; the built-in LLA methodology helped grantees determine potential dangers, develop mitigation methods and supply alternatives to enhance or regulate their initiatives to attain outcomes. LLA findings additionally helped MCA-Indonesia and MCC to raised appraise the realities on the bottom and oversee grantees in response to their wants.
Findings of the LLA additionally knowledgeable project-level Social and Gender Integration Plans (P-SGIPs) and Environmental and Social Administration Methods required for all GP grantees, which included actions and budgets to extend entry and opportunites for the financial empowerment of ladies and deprived teams and guarantee compliance with IFC Efficiency Requirements, respectively. GPF additionally offered $2.2 million in focused grants for women-owned organizations inside the Pure Useful resource Administration window to 5 ladies’s organizations and coalitions to boost their approaches, capability, and competitiveness within the low carbon economic system.
By the compact’s finish, over 43,000 ladies have been skilled in improved expertise in sustainable agriculture, worth and provide chain improvement (particularly relating to agricultural commodities and non-timber forest merchandise in social forestry), pure assets administration, renewable power, and eco-tourism. The MCA-Indonesia Gender Workforce reviewed and chosen 15 grants with good high quality P-SGIPs and entrepreneurship parts, and employed an knowledgeable to supply further trainings to ladies contributors and cooperative members in monetary administration, entrepreneurship, worth chains, enterprise improvement, and advertising and marketing to boost their skill to determine or develop worthwhile companies. Most of those ladies have been from the poorest teams and ethnic minority communities. Compact funds have been offered to type or develop cooperatives and enterprises, in addition to to determine financial savings and mortgage services, which have been managed by these ladies to take care of their entry to finance and enhance productiveness.
On the finish of the compact, MCA-Indonesia performed an evaluation of those 15 grants to be able to seize classes on whether or not ladies’s financial empowerment actions undertaken by these initiatives helped to advertise the specified outcomes, particularly a rise in financial alternatives, productiveness, market entry, modifications to gender norms, and different modifications on the native degree.[[MCA-Indonesia (2018) Policy Study to Promote Economic Opportunities for Women and Vulnerable Groups in Indonesia Low Carbon Economy, Jakarta Indonesia.]] Anecdotal proof from this evaluation indicated that girls’s elevated participation in outdoors coaching and work, and gender coaching offered to each women and men promoted a gradual reversal of gender roles, norms, and conventional patriarchal attitudes and behaviors that have been noticed in households and communities. There are indications that many ladies have turn out to be profitable entrepreneurs and enterprise house owners, particularly in meals manufacturing, artisanal salt making, and conventional excessive worth handicraft manufacturing.
Financial Evaluation of Inexperienced Prosperity
It was not potential to calculate a project-level, ex ante financial charge of return (ERR) for your complete challenge previous to implementation as a result of a number of components. First, the Inexperienced Prosperity (GP) Venture included a element to disburse small grants which coated roughly 54 p.c of the overall GP Venture finances, and ERRs for these particular person grants have been sometimes not recognized prematurely. Second, it was unclear what counter-factual to make use of for a grant facility with many challenge varieties included and with out an understanding of what market failures the grant varieties have been meant to unravel. As well as, knowledge and proof have been unavailable to estimate the impacts of the Participatory Land Use Planning (PLUP) and Inexperienced Data actions. Nonetheless throughout compact improvement, MCC due diligence consultants did conduct ERRs for instance initiatives for the anticipated pipeline based mostly on feasibility study-level data.
All through implementation, MCA-Indonesia estimated ERRs for all short-listed proposals utilizing knowledge offered by grant candidates. The associated fee-benefit evaluation fashions have been reviewed by the MCC economist and each proposal in the end chosen for funding had an estimated ERR above the ten p.c threshold. Primarily based on these fashions, MCA-Indonesia estimated that the GP-financed grants would attain as much as 291,637 beneficiaries and yield web present-value advantages as much as $1.09 billion over the 20-year initiatives’ lifetimes beneath the assumptions of the preliminary proposals. Later, as grant agreements have been amended to permit for a change in scope and/or outcomes of detailed engineering designs, the web advantages of the GPF weren’t recalculated to mirror these modifications in scope and challenge choice. Nonetheless, these modifications recommend that advantages have fallen beneath the preliminary $1 billion estimate.
Venture Sustainability
The GP Venture relied on each sturdy partnerships with the GOI and a mannequin of personal sector partnerships and leveraging to advertise the sustainability of compact investments. For the PLUP Exercise, compact investments straight fed into the GOI’s One Map coverage refinements.[[The Government of Indonesia’s One Map Policy was initiated in 2011 to establish a unified database of geospatial information, including land use and land tenure, to be used to inform government decisions on the allocation and use of land and natural resources.]] MCA-Indonesia additionally signed a memorandum of understanding with the Nationwide Geospatial Knowledge Company that dedicated the company to updating and sustaining all 40 PLUP district-level geospatial knowledge collected through the compact.
The give attention to mixing compact funds with personal sector and different assets to boost sustainability was prioritized within the design part of the GPF, articulated in requires proposals for all in-take home windows, and maintained as a key characteristic within the choice course of. The GPF awarded grants to initiatives that prioritized and fostered partnerships with the GOI, the personal sector, different donors, and regional vocational coaching establishments. By the compact’s shut, GPF leveraged $28 million in personal sector funding from its $123 million in grant funding.
In step with the compact’s pilot-and-scale method, some partnerships with authorities establishments beneath the GPF have been extra profitable than others. Relations with the Ministry of Setting, which grew to become the Ministry of Setting and Forestry in 2016, have been productive and led to eager GOI curiosity in modern options created beneath the compact to deal with the usually distinctive environmental allowing and social evaluation wants offered by GPF actions. For GPF’s renewable power initiatives, the Ministry of Power and Mineral Sources (ESDM) and the Nationwide Electrical energy Firm (PLN) had no formal agreements in place with MCA-Indonesia. ESDM had been an on-again, off-again interlocutor because the ministry shifted path a number of instances to satisfy bold power enlargement targets.
A powerful partnership with PLN was crucial to implementing GPF funded on-grid renewable power initiatives. Nonetheless, dealings with PLN have been blended. Through the preparations for MCA-Indonesia’s requires proposals for renewable power initiatives in 2015 and 2016, PLN took little curiosity, as a purchaser of energy, in interacting with potential challenge sponsors. The end result was that MCA-Indonesia in the end had fewer challenge proposals that it may take ahead to development within the absence of stronger assist from PLN.
Then again, PLN confirmed curiosity in late 2017 and early 2018 in two initiatives within the off-grid renewable power portfolio that have been near its present service space. For a type of renewable power initiatives, PLN concluded an influence buy settlement to purchase and distribute electrical energy from the small enterprise set as much as handle and function the ability challenge. Generally known as a particular function automobile (SPV), this small enterprise serves as a micro-utility for the challenge, offering challenge governance, billing, and operations and upkeep. This association will assist make sure the sustainability of the challenge and contribute economically to the group, which owns a majority share within the challenge. In one other biomass challenge, PLN initiated discussions with the challenge sponsor for the same energy buy and distribution association to be concluded after compact finish. Regardless of these extra constructive tendencies in the direction of the top of the compact, the shortage of constant assist from the GOI within the renewable power sector significantly impacted the GP Venture’s skill to perform its goal with respect to on-grid renewable power.
Fairly than counting on the federal government for sustainability, the GPF industrial and off-grid renewable power parts as a substitute aimed to construct sustainability via partnerships with the personal sector. The objective was to mitigate danger and tackle previous failures and implementation challenges by:
- Structuring on-grid initiatives with a mixture of personal finance offered by challenge sponsors and viability hole funding from GPF wanted to de-risk and speed up the investments in a difficult regulatory setting;
- Emphasizing community-developer partnerships pairing expertise suppliers, operations and upkeep distributors, and builders with communities and their assets;
- Requiring Group Profit Sharing Plans for industrial renewable power grants; and
- Concentrating on native power NGOs and renewable power service companions to copy success.
Partnership grants inside GPF have been designed and structured to make sure that companions continued work with their very own funding past the compact’s finish date. The GPF method of requiring candidates to obviously exhibit a “win-win” enterprise case adopted and supported present tendencies in sustainable commodities (i.e. cocoa, rubber, palm oil, espresso) which are shifting towards personal sector partnerships built-in into enterprise methods and budgeting.
- 4 of the six partnership grant initiatives are persevering with after the top of the compact with further funding commitments already in place. One instance is L’Oreal’s $650,000 dedication to proceed the Sustainable Palm Oil exercise from the EMM Berback challenge in Jambi. The SwissContact-led sustainable cocoa consortium and World Wildlife Fund collectively have dedicated $8.3 million in co-financing to be disbursed from April to December 2018.[[MCC is waiting for information from the Government of Indonesia to verify this statement.]]
- The $308,000 GPF funding in PalmOilTrace and the PatchouliTrace Pilot and an area service supplier start-up, Koltiva, is paying off. Main off-takers, similar to Givaudan, and their provide chains are buying-in and increasing use of those databases and traceability instruments, constructing on the numerous funding and expertise from the GPF cocoa portfolio. For instance, in early 2019, Golden-Agri Sources, a Singapore-based palm oil firm value over $4 billion, agreed to undertake this expertise for 60,000 of the smallholder famers and 81 of the mills from whom they supply. To this point, this preliminary funding has resulted in $1.1 million in follow-on financing to proceed the palm oil pilot and develop the same traceability pilot for patchouli (additionally constructing on work completed beneath the compact). As well as, Koltiva is signing main implementation contracts with six shoppers, together with Mars and Cargill, value $1.5 million in 2019. Because of the publicity from working with multinational donors and demonstrating its skill to ship outcomes at scale via MCC-funded initiatives, Koltiva has secured contracts for SeaweedTrace, RubberTrace, and SupplyChainTrace, with their essential providers now being supplied and utilized in 9 international locations with none public donor assist.[[Details can be found at: https://www.rspo.org/palmtrace. Viewed October 24, 2018.]]
- The GPF’s work with impartial smallholder espresso producers has resulted in 9 new Indonesian espresso patrons contracting straight from the farmer teams.
Inexperienced Data grantee PT KM Utama has developed a first-of-its-kind nationwide coaching curriculum and certification system for renewable power technicians. These certifications are acknowledged by the GOI and are designed in order that contributors will be skilled and licensed on-site at commercial- and community-scale energy vegetation, via the vocational college system, or at particular coaching facilities.
Analysis Findings
The GP Venture aimed to extend productiveness and cut back GHG emissions by increasing renewable power and bettering land use practices and administration of pure assets. The GP Venture outcomes can be assessed by seven totally different evaluations, that are summarized within the desk beneath. The construction of the GP Venture as a collection of geographically and sectorally numerous grant-funded initiatives offered a problem for designing a complete analysis technique. The method has been to judge the PLUP Exercise via a standalone analysis and to conduct a course of analysis of the GPF to evaluate its design and implementation, together with the Technical Help and Inexperienced Data Actions. The remaining evaluations align with the assorted programmatic portfolios of grants. Whereas not all grants or initiatives funded by the GPF have been individually evaluated, a method was designed to judge a pattern throughout key portfolios and converse to the broad goals of every portfolio.
Exercise | Sort | Element | Standing | |
1 | Participatory Land Use Planning Analysis | Efficiency | Baseline/ Interim | Knowledge collected in September 2016. Report launched in July 2017. |
Second Interim | Second interim – Knowledge assortment anticipated in late 2019 and report back to be launched in 2020. | |||
Endline | Endline – Knowledge assortment anticipated late 2020 and report anticipated in 2021. | |||
2 | Inexperienced Prosperity Facility Analysis | Efficiency | Endline | Knowledge assortment performed from November 2017 to January 2018 and report launched in November 2018. |
3 | Inexperienced Prosperity Cocoa Grant Portfolio Analysis | Efficiency | Interim | Knowledge assortment accomplished September and October 2017. Report anticipated in 2019. |
Endline | Knowledge assortment to be accomplished September 2019. Report anticipated in 2020. | |||
4 | Inexperienced Prosperity Off-grid Renewable Power Grant Portfolio Analysis | Influence and Efficiency | Baseline | Knowledge assortment accomplished between September and November 2017. Report revealed March 2018. |
Interim | Knowledge assortment to be accomplished late 2019. Report anticipated in 2020. | |||
Endline | Knowledge assortment to be accomplished mid 2021. Report anticipated in 2021. | |||
5 | Inexperienced Prosperity Peatland Portfolio Analysis | Efficiency | Knowledge to be collected in April 2019 and closing report anticipated in 2019. | |
6 | Inexperienced Prosperity On-grid Renewable Power Grant Portfolio Analysis | Efficiency | Knowledge to be collected in April 2019 and closing report anticipated in 2019. | |
7 | Inexperienced Prosperity Social Forestry Evaluability Evaluation | Efficiency | Knowledge to be collected in April 2019 and closing evaluability evaluation anticipated in 2019. |
The PLUP Analysis measures this system’s impact on spatial certainty, land disputes, transparency in land governance administration, and administration of pure assets. Interim analysis findings indicated the next:
- Stakeholders from the village- to the national-levels thought of the PLUP actions to be related and necessary.
- There may be proof of enhancements throughout anticipated short-term outcomes, together with improved spatial certainty amongst villagers, decision of land conflicts and disputes, and extra strategic excited about land use planning on the district degree.
- The analysis recognized 4 key areas of danger associated to the achievement and sustainability of PLUP outcomes: 1) program design and method, 2) design and administration of implementation contracts, 3) coordination of closeout and sustainability, and 4) engagement on the nationwide degree.
The Inexperienced Prosperity Facility Analysis assessed the evolution and high quality of the design and implementation of the GPF. The analysis targeted solely on the implementation part and didn’t assess the outcomes of the grants funded by the GPF; some grant outcomes are assessed by different evaluations. The important thing findings of this analysis embody:
Evolution of Design
- The GPF was not well-defined upfront and its design was protracted and largely reactive. This delayed and shortened grant implementation.
- The GPF ended up being an modern mannequin that addressed Indonesian authorities priorities and offered non-traditional teams with entry to worldwide donor finance.
Implementation Effectiveness
- With three months of implementation remaining, the GPF had disbursed 45 p.c of 2014 funding plans. 85 p.c of awarded grants continued to completion.
- The restricted implementation timeframe and excessive operational prices diminished the GPF’s potential cost-effectiveness.
Key Advantages and Challenges
- Grantees perceived GPF’s necessities and requirements, significantly environmental, to be helpful for his or her capability to tackle future grants. GPF is linked to constructive modifications within the nationwide and native coverage and enabling setting.
- The excessive administrative burden and altering steerage from MCC and GPF managers led to important delays in grant implementation.
The Cocoa Grant Portfolio Analysis is a efficiency analysis designed to evaluate the efficacy of coaching approaches, the validity of the idea of change, sustainability, and classes realized. Cocoa Interim Analysis key findings embody:
Farmer Coaching
- A lot of the skilled farmers utilized what they realized, however they wanted ongoing mentoring and extra time to see outcomes from their improved practices.
Progress towards Focused Outcomes
- The Sustainable Cocoa Manufacturing Program (GP-SCPP) and Cocoa Revolution (CR) grants carried out effectively towards their coaching targets and achieved brief time period habits modifications. Nonetheless, they confronted obstacles in making an attempt to create sustainable markets for cocoa farming inputs (seedlings, fertilizer, and so on.) and extension providers (farmer coaching). The third grant, Financial, High quality, and Sustainability Enchancment (EQSI), had implementation delays.
Sustainability of Practices
- With MCC funding, the GP-SCPP grant grew its operations from 13 to 50 districts and can proceed working post-compact. The opposite two grants, CR and EQSI, won’t proceed post-compact.
Program Design
- Climate extremes and market situations considerably undermined challenge outcomes. Implementers might want to develop local weather resilience and danger mitigation measures to attain larger yields.
The GP Off-Grid Renewable Power Portfolio Analysis will assess the impacts of the brand new provision of grid electrical energy to households and companies in distant areas. Particularly, the 4 analysis questions concern:
- The impact on power consumption patterns of households and companies.
- Whether or not the electrical energy offered by the renewable power infrastructure has been used for financial functions on the group and family degree.
- Whether or not any modifications in family expenditure will result in diminished GHG emissions.
- Whether or not the Particular Goal Automobile has been an efficient intervention to enhance group buy-in and sustainability of the infrastructure.
The GP Peatland Portfolio Analysis will assess the effectiveness and sustainability of the GPF’s grants relating to peatland rewetting.
The GP On-Grid Renewable Power Portfolio Analysis will assess the sustainability of the GPF’s on-grid infrastructure grants by way of continued energy gross sales to the nationwide utility and profit sharing with communities surrounding the technology websites.
The GP Social Forestry Portfolio Analysis will encompass an Evaluability Evaluation to analyze whether or not grants categorized as social forestry have been actually designed round and utilized a standard principle of change associated to agro-forestry and the sustainable administration of forest lands.
Key Output and Consequence Indicators and Clarification of Outcomes
Participatory Land Use Planning Exercise
Consequence: Improved native capability for administrative boundary setting, updating and integration of land use inventories, and enhancing spatial plans on the district and provincial ranges.
Key Efficiency Indicators | Baseline | Finish of Compact Goal | Finish of Compact Achievement | % Goal Glad |
Variety of villages assisted in participatory village boundary setting and useful resource mapping | 0 | 450 | 363 | 81% |
Land space of villages delineated via village boundary setting (in hectares) | 0 | No goal | 1,463,999 | N/A |
Variety of village boundaries formally established | 0 | 450 | 256 | 57% |
Variety of enhanced district-level spatial plans created | 0 | 45 | 40 | 89% |
Variety of district-level inventories of land use, land cowl, permits and licenses created | 0 | 45 | 40 | 89% |
PLUP was initially designed as a package deal of village- and district-level interventions in geographic areas focused by the GP Venture to tell the design of grant proposals. Due largely to a failed early procurement, which considerably delayed the PLUP pilot part, this implementation plan was altered in order that totally different parts of PLUP have been carried out in several areas the place GPF grants had already been awarded. The targets mirror a midcourse adjustment in exercise plans that was undertaken after the failure of the primary PLUP procurement, which considerably delayed progress. The explanations the adjusted targets weren’t met embody continued procurement challenges and longer-than-anticipated implementation timelines.
Technical Help and Oversight Exercise
Consequence: Improved high quality and design of renewable power and pure assets administration initiatives.
Key Efficiency Indicators | Baseline | Finish of Compact Goal | Finish of Compact Achievement | % Goal Glad |
Proposals that acquired challenge preparation assist | 0 | No Goal | 47 | No Goal |
Technical help funds disbursed for challenge preparation assist | 0 | No Goal | $10,775,189 | No Goal |
The above indicators monitor the portion of this exercise’s funding that supported feasibility and due diligence work for grant proposals, often known as TAPP Grants. The scope of the necessity for TAPP Grants was not recognized up entrance, so targets couldn’t be set. Some TAPP Grants have been terminated halfway, so not all 47 have been accomplished.
Inexperienced Prosperity Facility Exercise
Consequence: Elevated funding in renewable power and pure assets administration, elevated productiveness, and diminished GHG emissions.
Key Efficiency Indicators | Baseline | Finish of Compact Goal | Finish of Compact Achievement | % Goal Glad |
Estimated hectares improved, rehabilitated, or protected via sustainable practices | 0 | 498,382 | 432,971 | 87% |
Canal blocking constructions inbuilt peatland areas | 0 | 570 | 232 | 41% |
Hectares of peatland mapped | 0 | 249,329 | 253,559 | 102% |
Renewable power technology capability added (in MW) | 0 | 27.2 | 12.7 | 47% |
Electrical energy prospects added by off-grid grants | 0 | 10,352 | 9,095 | 88% |
Households supplied with renewable power supply for lighting or cooking | 0 | 3,240 | 2,622 | 81% |
Venture contributors skilled via GP Facility-funded initiatives and/or partnerships | 0 | 136,973 | 139,553 | 102% |
Exterior assets (co-financing) disbursed by grantees | 0 | $80,146,154 | $27,571,443 | 34% |
Venture financing disbursed by the GP Facility | 0 | $136,654,166 | $123,099,779 | 90% |
You will need to observe that as a result of the GP Venture funded 66 grants beneath the GPF Exercise, it was not potential to confirm the info above in the identical manner that MCC usually does for a challenge. The info above have been reported by grantees/implementers, which is normal; however MCC’s normal of proof for accepting their experiences was decrease than for regular MCC initiatives as a result of it was not potential to carefully monitor actions of every grantee. Targets for the above indicators have been set based mostly on signed grant agreements and don’t mirror grant approvals, terminations, or amendments that have been finalized after June 2017. Two further off-grid renewable power grants have been signed after that time and their spending is mirrored within the achievement of challenge financing disbursed by the GPF, however not within the goal. The efficiency on this indicator is subsequently artificially excessive.
The GPF was not in a position to meet its grant disbursement targets as a result of a mixture of authorized, regulatory, administration capability points, and a shortened implementation timeline (from 3 years to 18 months) as mentioned beforehand. The shortened implementation timeline restricted the GPF’s skill to fund industrial on-grid initiatives, significantly mini-hydro, which impacted key efficiency indicators associated to technology capability. As well as and relatedly, GPF didn’t obtain proposals for watershed administration actions/initiatives as initially anticipated. Ultimately, a whole lot of work was completed between December 2017 and April 2, 2018 (compact finish date) after a challenge supply unit was put in place to give attention to the off-grid portfolio.
The disbursement of exterior assets, or co-financing secured by grantees, was effectively beneath the goal because of the termination of seven grants that included important co-financing contributions, the re-scoping of an extra grant, and a few delays in spending of those funds for partnership grants. Most grant terminations and re-scopings have been the results of lengthy delays throughout implementation, which meant that finishing challenge works within the remaining compact implementation interval was not possible. Within the case of the partnership grants, grantees deliberate to spend these funds for his or her unique function by December 2018.[[MCC is waiting for information from the Government of Indonesia to verify this statement.]] The canal blocking goal was not met as a result of a de-scoping of one of many grantee’s work plans after failure to get group consent for the canal blocking in a single focused geographic space.
Inexperienced Data Exercise
Consequence: Improved native, provincial, and nationwide capability to drive ahead Indonesia’s nationwide low carbon improvement technique inside the context of the GP Venture.
Key Efficiency Indicators | Baseline | Finish of Compact Goal | Quarter 1 via Quarter 19 Actuals (December 2017) |
% Compact Goal Glad (December 2017) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Facilities of Excellence established | 0 | 6 | 4 | 67% |
Venture contributors skilled via Inexperienced Data-funded initiatives | 0 | 3,687 | 2,325 | 63% |
Variety of data merchandise produced | 0 | 420 | 197 | 47% |
Regardless of being the primary set of grants awarded beneath GP, the Inexperienced Data grants suffered from implementation delays, which prevented them from reaching their targets.
Classes Discovered
As acknowledged above, $126 million of the Indonesia compact was not spent. Of this, roughly $70 million was because of the gradual start-up and implementation challenges confronted by the Inexperienced Prosperity Facility . So as to higher perceive the operational drivers of those points, MCC accomplished an analysis of the GPF. As described above, the analysis highlighted the start-up and implementation delays skilled by the GP Venture and the way that hindered its skill to satisfy its course of and output targets. This discovering raises varied classes for future grant-making services being thought of by MCC. Classes drawn from the findings of the Inexperienced Prosperity Facility Analysis embody:
- Design initiatives and services to be targeted. The broad scope of the Inexperienced Prosperity Facility was considered one of many components that triggered continuous delays in launching the grant-making facility. MCC has realized that services have to be targeted, by way of addressing precept root causes of the bindng constraint, with clear goals, scope, measurement, and technique, to be able to be viable. Focus can also be crucial to serving to the challenge workforce develop a focused engagement technique with authorities and personal sector counterparts who can assist the success of the power over its lifetime. This focus must be decided and agreed to throughout compact improvement, and key, non-negotiable options must be documented within the compact and/or Program Implementation Settlement. As well as, an authorised operations handbook must be produced no later than entry-into-force (EIF) and ideally as a situation precedent to preliminary disbursement. This fashion, the pre-EIF and implementation intervals will be devoted to launching the power and implementing grants. MCC has already begun making use of this lesson to services designed after GP, like in Benin II which targets one sector/subsector.
- Standardize and streamline. The dearth of standardized processes and templates tremendously delayed the flexibility to begin GPF grant proposal consumption, analysis, and due diligence, and grantees have been usually confused by conflicting and ad hoc steerage throughout each the solicitation and implementation phases. Lack of efficient challenge administration construction and techniques additional delayed and challenged improvement and implementation of processes, as soon as finalized. Commonplace instruments, insurance policies, procedures, and approaches to administration and implementation of grant services that may assist environment friendly start-up of services and forestall the lack of valuable time for grant implementation is critical. MCC grant services in early levels of improvement and implementation have internalized classes from the GPF’s early challenges and are using facility managers and prioritizing improvement of manuals and templates considerably earlier within the compact timeline. As well as, MCC is increasing and operationalizing the present MCC Grants Services Steerage, together with producing a start-up toolkit.
- Check the market early. Inadequate market evaluation of the focused GP sectors resulted in delays in launching the power and in unrealistic disbursement targets. To permit for at least three years for grant implementation and supply data to facility design and target-setting, it’s crucial to conduct market evaluation, assess the potential pool of grantees and the scale and traits of the addressable market, and provoke pre- or full feasibility research very early within the compact improvement and implementation preparation intervals. Early on-boarding of a facility supervisor would additionally enable the accountable entity to proceed or develop market analysis and/or launch requires proposals as soon as the compact implementation interval begins. Latest grant services have been conducting market analysis effectively prematurely of compact signing. This enables MCC to set extra cheap expectations for the absorptive capability of the market in addition to incorporate data from the market and potential grantees to raised information choice and funding standards and start due diligence.
- Construct in an exit technique. The GPF Analysis highlighted that regardless of efforts within the closing yr of the compact to hyperlink the actions funded beneath GP to authorities models, the work of the GPF shouldn’t be more likely to be sustained by the GOI. That is largely as a result of the power itself was not designed to proceed post-compact via present Indonesian constructions, however reasonably via the personal sector and different partnerships developed through the choice and implementation course of. In consequence, services must be designed up entrance to have a future past the compact or ought to embody a transparent exit technique that ensures the data generated by the power has an applicable off-taker and that investments made can be sustainably managed and continued. MCC is contemplating this advice in its updates to operational steerage.
- Acknowledge MCC’s aggressive benefit with services. MCC’s skill to supply grant funding for each technical preparation and to purchase down the price of fairness for potential traders is an actual aggressive benefit that may assist the deployment of latest applied sciences in the fitting circumstances. The Indonesia case has proven that there’s a clear viability hole between the tariff and technical research which are required to arrange an funding grade challenge for brand spanking new, doubtlessly disruptive applied sciences the place the incentives are weaker to be the primary investor on such initiatives.[[Learning from the experience with the Green Prosperity Facility has been applied to MCC facilities underway in Morocco, Benin, and Niger compacts.]]